Allentown Materials Corporation

The analysis of the Allentown Materials Corporation case study reveals a number of issues mostly related to the untimely death of a respected leader, the subsequent change in leadership, and also the management style of the newly appointed upper-level managers. This paradigm shift in operational management strategy is one of the root causes of the conflict between departments, absence of teamwork, and low morale. Additionally, radical changes are required to bring Allentown Materials Corporation into a new era of manufacturing and ensure their continued success in the marketplace.The willingness to change is critical in a manufacturing organization where the means of maintaining a competitive advantage change frequently. (ReVelle) The former General Manager of the Allentown Materials Corporation Joe Bennett was very authoritarian in nature, preferring to make all nearly all important decisions by himself, and no decisions at all were made without Mr. Bennett’s approval. Many o f the managers reporting to Bennett were considered political and manipulative by their employees, and as a result few were willing to challenge his operational management style.When Don Rogers took over Joe Bennett’s position as general manager the aggravating factors of a major down turn in business were already present, but the effects were not necessarily being felt throughout the organization. A revolutionary change should have been implemented under Bennett when the business shifted from primarily military applications to private sector uses, however manager’s perspective may cause them to overlook important organizational changes or respond to these changes inappropriately. Both general managers are at fault for the current situation at Allentown; Mr.Bennett for overlooking when change was required and Mr. Rogers for responding to the need for change inappropriately. The military market revolved around highly reliable and consistent components for crucial milita ry equipment; and the military was willing to pay a premium to acquire such components. In contrast the consumer and private sector market also demands high-quality products, but at the lowest cost possible. (ReVelle) The secondary consequence of this shift from military to consumer markets is an increased presence in the extremely competitive Japanese market.Japanese manufacturing firms had long since developed and implemented their own manufacturing methodologies such as Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing and Total Quality Management. Allentown Materials Corporation is essentially attempting to compete in a market that has already seen revolutionary change at the hands of new methodologies and techniques. Changes do need to be made to ensure a manufacturing organization has the competitive advantage, and selecting the appropriate change methodology is equally crucial.The Six Sigma quality management program was originally developed by Motorola in 1986 and as a business strategy focu ses on improving the quality of outputs by removing the causes of defects, unacceptable variability in the manufacturing process, and discontinuing practices that do not add value to the final output. (CIT) One method in which Six Sigma accomplishes this is though improving processes already in place or creating new processes when the existing ones fail to meet business objectives. CIT) Motorola reported over 17 billion in savings in 2006 since the start of their Six Sigma initiative, and many other manufacturing companies have also achieved success with their own implementations of Six Sigma. (CIT) These tangible effects are the results of training in quality improvement methods, rearrangement of business processes to make them more efficient, initiation of projects that improve production or save money, and improved communication between management and employees.For a company to achieve Six Sigma any single process must not produce more than 3. 4 defects per million opportunities. (CIT) This in turn means increased profit for the company and potential bonuses or incentives for employees. We can also make comparisons between Six Sigma and the different Japanese methodologies and draw a number of conclusions†¦ Six Sigma addresses half of the revolutionary change required for Allentown Materials Corporation to remain competitive in the ever-changing manufacturing marketplace.The second component of the change required involves giving the entire organization a shared vision for the future which plays strongly on the core competencies of the Allentown Materials Corporation. The strength of Allentown Materials Corporation lies with its research and development, and manufacturing divisions. Part of this change will come about as Six Sigma is adapted and implemented at the Allentown Materials Corporation.Employees at all levels of the organization will recognize the potential benefits and rewards including increased job security, new opportunities with the comp any, and better performance evaluations and pay increases. Additionally, employees will be aware that if the company is deriving benefits from Six Sigma these benefits will eventually trickle down to them. (CIT) All of the new rewards and incentives will lend themselves to a shared vision within the company. One aspect of particular importance of the Six Sigma methodology will be the effect of training and teamwork on the various divisions.When a sense of teamwork is lacking the employees have a tendency to focus on the productivity of their particular department or division and fail to realize the impact of their actions on the entire operation. (CIT) For these changes to take hold at Allentown Materials Corporation a vital member of upper management must assume the role as the change champion. Don Roger’s seems like the clear choice to take on this position due to his position with the company and the fact that he has an established history of involving people in issues wit h the company and consulting them on decisions.The change champion at Allentown will have a number of new responsibilities related to ensuring the success of Six Sigma and simultaneously being the driving force behind the entire business revolution. In order to show demonstrable commitment to the program and the new shared vision the champion will need to be heavily involved in the change process, ensuring that it moves swiftly and that the change is real and positive. Encouragement, motivation, involvement with projects, removing the barriers to project success, celebrating successes when they occur, and recognizing achievements are all ways the champion can demonstrate commitment.In the course of implementing change the change champion should consider naming a steering committee consisting of him or herself, key managers from all the functional areas including the newly separated sales and marketing functions, and a new position; training manager. The steering committee would serv e to enact the changes, but would also provide crucial feedback from lower managers and employees about the practical implications of their changes.Among the responsibilities of the steering committee would be developing a new team handbook that clearly states the policies and goals of the company and a training program emphasizing teamwork, team interaction skills, and The issues effecting Allentown Materials Corporation may very well lead to its ultimate demise. It is therefore essential for Allentown Materials Corporation to institute a fast and positive change to ensure its long term viability and retain its competitive advantages in the marketplace. Six Sigma when implemented properly by a committed change champion can usher in a new era for Allentown Materials Corporation.

Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 30

Part VI Passion Nobody's perfect†¦. Well, there was this one guy, but we killed him. ANONYMOUS Sunday Joshua's mother and his brother James found us outside of the Golden Gate of Jerusalem, where we were waiting for Bartholomew and John, who were looking for Nathaniel and Philip to return with James and Andrew, who were off trying to find Judas and Thomas, who had been sent into the city to look for Peter and Maggie, who were looking for Thaddeus and Simon, who had been sent to look for a donkey. â€Å"You'd think they'd have found one by now,† Mary said. According to prophecy, Joshua was supposed to enter the city on the colt of a donkey. Of course, no one was going to find one. That was the plan. Even Joshua's brother James had agreed to be part of the conspiracy. He'd gone ahead to wait inside the gate, just in case one of the disciples had missed the point and actually came back with a donkey. About a thousand of Joshua's followers from Galilee had gathered on the road to the Golden Gate. They had lined the road with palm fronds for Joshua's entrance to the city, and they were cheering and singing hosannas all afternoon in anticipation of his triumphant entrance, but as the afternoon wore into evening, and no colt showed, the crowd gradually dispersed as everybody got hungry and went into the city to find something to eat. Only Joshua, his mother, and I were still waiting. â€Å"I was hoping you might talk some sense into him,† I said to Mary. â€Å"I've seen this coming for a long time,† Mary said. She wore her usual blue dress and shawl, and the usual light in her face seemed faded, not by age, but by grief. â€Å"Why do you think I sent for him two years ago?† It was true, she had sent Joshua's younger brothers Judah and Jose to the synagogue at Capernaum to bring him home, claiming he was mad, but Joshua hadn't even gone outside to meet them. â€Å"I wish you two wouldn't talk about me like I'm not here,† Joshua said. â€Å"We're trying to get used to it,† I said. â€Å"If you don't like it, then give up this stupid plan to sacrifice yourself.† â€Å"What do you think we've been preparing for all of these years, Biff?† â€Å"If I'd known it was this I wouldn't have helped. You'd still be stuck in a wine amphora in India.† He squinted to see through the gate. â€Å"Where is everyone? How hard can it be to find one simple ass?† I looked at Joshua's mother, and although there was pain in her eyes she smiled. â€Å"Don't look at me,† she said. â€Å"No one on my side of the family would ever sacrifice a straight line like that.† It was too easy, so I let it go. â€Å"They're all at Simon's house in Bethany, Josh. They aren't coming back tonight.† Joshua didn't say a word. He just climbed to his feet and walked off toward Bethany. â€Å"There is nothing you can do to stop this from happening!† Joshua screamed at the apostles, who were gathered in the front room of Simon's house. Martha ran from the room crying when Joshua glared at her. Simon looked at the floor, as did the rest of us. â€Å"The priest and the scribes will take me, and put me on trial. They will spit on me and scourge me and then they will kill me. I will rise from the dead on the third day and walk among you again, but you cannot stop what must happen. If you love me, you will accept what I'm telling you.† Maggie got up and ran out of the house, snatching the communal purse from Judas as she went. The Zealot started to rise to go after her but I pushed him back down on his cushion. â€Å"Let her go.† We all sat there in silence, trying to think of something to do, something to say. I don't know what everyone else was thinking, but I was still trying to formulate some way for Joshua to make his point without giving his life. Martha returned to the room with wine and cups and served each of us in turn, not looking at Joshua when she filled his cup. Joshua's mother followed her back out of the room, I presumed to help her prepare supper. In time, Maggie came back, sliding through the door and going directly to Joshua, where she sat down at his feet. She took the communal purse out of her cloak and from it she pulled a small alabaster box, the sort that was used to store the precious ointments that women used to anoint the bodies of the dead at burial. She tossed the empty purse to Judas. Without a word, she broke the seal on the box and poured the ointment on Joshua's feet, then untied her long hair and began to wipe the oil from his feet with it. The rich aroma of spices and perfume filled the room. In an instant Judas was on his feet and across the room. He snatched the box of ointment off the floor. â€Å"The money from this could have fed hundreds of the poor.† Joshua looked up at the Zealot and there were tears in his eyes. â€Å"You'll always have the poor, Judas, but I'm only here for a short while longer. Let her be.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Let her be,† Joshua said. He held out his hand and Judas slammed the alabaster box into it, then stormed out of the house. I could hear him shouting out in the street, but I couldn't make out what he was saying. Maggie poured the rest of the oil on Joshua's head and drew patterns on his forehead with her finger. Joshua tried to take her hand but she pulled it away from him and stepped back until he dropped his hand. â€Å"A dead man can't love,† she said. â€Å"Be still.† When we followed Joshua to the Temple the next morning, Maggie was nowhere to be seen. Monday On Monday Joshua led us through the Golden Gate into Jerusalem, but this time there were no palm fronds laid on the road and no one was singing hosannas. (Well, there was this one guy, but he was always singing hosannas at the Golden Gate. If you gave him a coin he'd stop for a while.) â€Å"It would be nice to be able to buy a little something for breakfast,† Judas said. â€Å"If the Magdalene hadn't spent all of our money.† â€Å"Joshua smells nice, though,† Nathaniel said. â€Å"Don't you think Joshua smells nice?† Sometimes you find yourself grateful for the most unlikely things. Right then, when I saw Judas grit his teeth and the vein stand out on his forehead, I said a quick prayer of thanks for Nathaniel's na;vet. â€Å"He does smell nice,† said Bartholomew. â€Å"It makes one want to reassess one's values regarding the material comforts.† â€Å"Thank you, Bart,† said Joshua. â€Å"Yes, there's nothing like a good-smelling man,† said John dreamily. Suddenly we were all very uncomfortable and there was a lot of throat-clearing and coughing and we all walked a few paces farther apart. (I haven't told you about John, have I?) Then John started to make a great and pathetic show of noticing the women as they passed. â€Å"Why, that little heifer would give a man some strong sons,† John said in a booming and falsely masculine voice. â€Å"A man could surely plant some seed there, he could.† â€Å"Please shut up,† James said to his brother. â€Å"Maybe,† said Philip, â€Å"you could have your mother come over and tell that woman to cleave unto you.† Everyone snickered, even Joshua. Well, everyone except James. â€Å"You see?† he said to his brother. â€Å"You see what you've started? You little nancy.† â€Å"There's a nubile wench,† exclaimed John unconvincingly. He pointed to a woman who was being dragged toward the city gates by a group of Pharisees, her clothes hanging in shreds on her body (which indeed appeared to be nubile, so credit to John for working outside of his element). â€Å"Block the road,† Joshua said. The Pharisees came up to our human blockade and stopped. â€Å"Let us pass, Rabbi,† the oldest of them said. â€Å"This woman has been caught in the act of adultery this very day and we're taking her out of the city to be stoned, as is the law.† The woman was young and her hair fell in dirty curls around her face. Terror had twisted her face and her eyes were rolled back in her head, but an hour ago she had probably been pretty. Joshua crouched and began writing in the dust at his feet. â€Å"What's your name?† he asked. â€Å"Jamal,† said the leader. I watched Joshua write the man's name, then next to it a list of sins. â€Å"Wow, Jamal,† I said. â€Å"A goose? I didn't even know that was possible.† Jamal dropped the adulteress's arm and stepped back. Joshua looked up at the other man who was holding the woman. â€Å"And your name?† â€Å"Uh, Steve,† said that man. â€Å"His name is not Steve,† said another man in the crowd. â€Å"It's Jacob.† Joshua wrote â€Å"Jacob† in the dust. â€Å"No,† said Jacob. He let go of the woman, pushing her toward us. Then Joshua stood up and took the stone from the man nearest him, who surrendered it easily. His attention was focused on the list of sins written in the dirt. â€Å"Now let us stone this harlot,† Joshua said. â€Å"Whoever of you is without sin, cast the first stone.† And he held out the stone to them. They gradually backed away. In a moment they had all gone back the way they had come and the adulteress fell to Joshua's feet and hugged his ankles. â€Å"Thank you, Rabbi. Thank you so much.† â€Å"That's okay,† said Joshua. He lifted her to her feet. â€Å"Now go, and sin no more.† â€Å"You really smell good, you know that?† she said. â€Å"Yeah, thanks. Now go.† She started off. â€Å"I should make sure she gets home okay,† I said. I started off after her, but Joshua caught the back of my tunic and pulled me back. â€Å"You missed the ‘sin no more' part of my instructions?† â€Å"Look, I've already committed adultery with her in my heart, so, you know, why not enjoy it?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"You're the one who set the standards. By those rules, even John committed adultery with her in his heart, and he doesn't even like women.† â€Å"Do too,† said John. â€Å"To the Temple,† Joshua said, pressing on. â€Å"Waste of a perfectly good adulteress, if you ask me.† In the outer court of the Temple, where the women and the Gentiles were allowed to go, Joshua called us all together and began to preach the kingdom. Each time he would get started, a vendor would come by barking, â€Å"Get your doves. Get your sacrificial doves. Pure as the driven snow. Everybody needs one.† Then Joshua would begin again and the next vendor would come by. â€Å"Unleavened bread! Get your unleavened bread! Only one shekel. Piping hot matzo, just like Moses ate on the way out of Egypt, only fresher.† And a little girl who was lame was brought to Joshua and he started to heal her and ask about her faith when†¦ â€Å"Your denariis changed to shekels, while you wait! No amount too large or small. Drachmas to talents, talents to shekels – all your money changed while you wait.† â€Å"Do you believe that the Lord loves you?† Joshua asked the little girl. â€Å"Bitter herbs! Get your bitter herbs!† cried a vendor. â€Å"Dammit all!† Joshua screamed in frustration. â€Å"You're healed, child, now get out of here.† He waved off the little girl, who got up and walked for the first time in her life, then he slapped a dove vendor, ripped the top off his cage of birds, and released a cloud of doves into the sky. â€Å"This is a house of prayer! Not a den of thieves.† â€Å"Oh no, not the moneychangers,† Peter whispered to me. Joshua grabbed a long low table where men were changing a dozen currencies into shekels (the only coin allowed for commerce inside the Temple complex) and he flipped it over. â€Å"Oh, that's it, he's fucked,† Philip said. And he was. The priests took a big percentage from the moneychangers. He might have slid by before, but now he'd interfered with their income. â€Å"Out, you vipers! Out!† Joshua had taken a coil of rope from one of the vendors and was using it as a scourge to drive the vendors and the moneychangers out of the Temple gates. Nathaniel and Thomas had joined in Joshua's tirade, kicking at the merchants as they scampered away, but the rest of us sat staring or ministered to those who had come to hear Joshua speak. â€Å"We should stop this,† I said to Peter. â€Å"You think you could stop this?† Peter nodded to the corner of the courtyard, where at least twenty priests had come out from the Inner Temple to watch the fracas. â€Å"He's going to bring down the wrath of the priests on all of us,† Judas said. He was looking at the Temple guards, who had stopped pacing the walls and were watching the goings-on below in the courtyard. To Judas' credit, he, Simon, and a few of the others had managed to calm the small crowd of the faithful who had gathered to be blessed and healed before Joshua's tantrum. Beyond the walls of the Temple we could see the Roman soldiers staring down from the battlements of Herod the Great's old palace, which the governor commandeered during feast weeks when he brought the legions to Jerusalem. The Romans didn't enter the Temple unless they sensed insurrection, but if they entered, Jewish blood would be spilled. Rivers of it. â€Å"They won't come in,† Peter said, a tiny note of doubt in his voice. â€Å"They can see that this is a Jewish matter. They don't care if we kill each other.† â€Å"Just watch Judas and Simon,† I said. â€Å"If one of them starts with that no-master-but-God thing, the Romans will come down like an executioner's blade.† Finally, Joshua was out of breath, soaked in sweat, and barely able to swing the coil of rope he was carrying, but the Temple was clear of merchants. A large crowd had started to follow him, shouting at the vendors as Joshua drove them out of the Temple. The crowd (probably eight hundred to a thousand people) was the only thing that kept the priests from calling the guards down on Joshua right then. Josh tossed the rope aside and led the crowd back to where we had been watching in horror. â€Å"Thieves,† he said to us breathlessly as he passed. Then he went to a little girl with a withered arm who had been waiting beside Judas. â€Å"Pretty scary, huh?† Joshua said to her. She nodded. Joshua put his hands over her withered arm. â€Å"Are those guys in the tall hats coming over here?† She nodded again. â€Å"Here, can you make this sign with your finger?† He showed her how to stick out her middle finger. â€Å"No, not with that hand, with this one.† Joshua took his hand away from her withered arm and she wiggled her fingers. The muscle and tendons had filled out until it looked identical to her other arm. â€Å"Now,† Joshua said, â€Å"make that sign. That's good. Now show it to those guys behind me with the tall hats. That's a good girl.† â€Å"By whose authority do you perform these healings,† said one of the priests, obviously the highest-ranking of the group. â€Å"No master – † Simon began to shout but he was cut off by a vicious blow to the solar plexus from Peter, who then pushed the Zealot to the ground and sat on him while furiously whispering in his ear. Andrew had come up behind Judas and seemed to be delivering a similar lecture without benefit of the body blow. Josh took a little boy from his mother's arms and held him. The boy's legs waved in the air as if they had no bones at all. Without looking away from the boy, Joshua said, â€Å"By what authority did John baptize?† The priests looked around among themselves. The crowd moved in closer. We were in Judea, John's territory. The priests knew better than to challenge John's authority under God in front of a crowd this size, but they certainly weren't going to confirm it for Joshua's sake, either. â€Å"We can't say at this time,† said the priest. â€Å"Then I can't say either,† said Joshua. He stood the little boy on his feet and held him steady as the boy's legs took his full weight, probably for the first time ever. The boy wobbled like a newborn colt and Joshua caught him and laughed. He took the boy's shoulders and helped him walk back to his mother, then he turned on the priests and looked at them for the first time. â€Å"You would test me? Test me. Ask me what you will, you vipers, but I will heal these people and they shall know the word of God in spite of you.† Philip had moved up behind me during this speech and he whispered, â€Å"Can't you knock him out or something with your methods from the East? We have to get him out of here before he says any more.† â€Å"I think we're too late, John,† I said. â€Å"Just don't let the crowd disperse. Go out into the city and bring more. The crowd is his only protection now. And find Joseph of Arimathea too. He might be able to help if this gets out of hand.† â€Å"This isn't out of hand?† â€Å"You know what I mean.† The inquisition went on for two hours, with the priests concocting every verbal trap they could think of, and Joshua wiggling out sometimes, and blundering through at others. I looked for some way to get Joshua out of the Temple without him being arrested, but the more I looked, the more I noticed that the guards had moved down off the walls and were hovering around the gates to the courtyard. Meanwhile the chief priest droned on: â€Å"A man dies and leaves no sons, but his wife marries his brother, who has three sons by his first wife†¦[and on] The three of them leave Jericho and head south, going three point three furlongs per hour, but they are leading two donkeys, which can carry two†¦[and on] So the Sabbath ends, and they are able to resume, adding on the thousand steps allowed under the law†¦and the wind is blowing southwest at two furlongs per hour†¦[and on] How much water will be required for the journey? Give your answer in firkins.† â€Å"Five,† Joshua said, as soon as they stopped speaking. And all were amazed. The crowd roared. A woman shouted, â€Å"Surely he is the Messiah.† â€Å"The Son of God has come,† said another. â€Å"You guys aren't helping,† I shouted back at them. â€Å"You didn't show your work, you didn't show your work,† chanted the youngest of the priests. Judas and Matthew had been scratching out the problem on the paving stones of the courtyard as the priest recited, but they had long since lost track. They looked up and shook their heads. â€Å"Five,† Joshua repeated. The priests looked around among themselves. â€Å"That's right, but that doesn't give you authority to heal in the Temple.† â€Å"In three days, there will be no Temple, for I'll destroy it, and you nest of vipers with it. And three days after that, a new Temple shall be built in honor of my father.† And then I grabbed him around the chest and started dragging him toward the gate. The other apostles followed the plan and moved around us in a wedge. Beyond that, the crowd pressed in. Hundreds moved along with us. â€Å"Wait, I'm not done!† Joshua yelled. â€Å"Yes you are.† â€Å"Surely the true king of Israel has come to bring forth the kingdom,† one woman shouted. Peter smacked her on the back of the head. â€Å"Stop helping.† By the sheer mass of the crowd we were able to get Joshua out of the Temple and through the streets to Joseph of Arimathea's house. Joseph let us in and led us to the upper room, which had a high arched stone ceiling, rich carpets on the floors and walls, piles of cushions, and a long low table for dining. â€Å"You're safe here, but I don't know for how long. They've already called a meeting of the Sanhedrin.† â€Å"But we just left the Temple,† I said. â€Å"How?† â€Å"You should have let them take me,† Joshua said. â€Å"The table will be set for the Passover feast of the Essenes,† Joseph said. â€Å"Stay here for supper.† â€Å"Celebrate the Passover early? Why?† John asked. â€Å"Why celebrate with the Essenes?† Joseph looked away from Joshua when he answered. â€Å"Because at the Essenes' feast, they don't kill a lamb.†

Why Youth Leave the Church

Introduction â€Å"With such an army of workers as our youth, rightly trained, might furnish, how soon the message of a crucified, risen, and soon-coming Savior might be carried to the whole world! † (Education, p. 271). Wow, what a statement. This is probably the most well known statement by Sister Ellen White concerning the youth. These words are so powerful and motivating, that they inspire the imagination to look forward to it’s fulfillment, to the day when this army of dedicated Christian young people will be spread out around the world to bring the message of Jesus’ soon return to everyone.I must confess that simply the thought of this sends shivers down my spine. I am, however, forced to question whether this dream will ever become a reality. The church, it seems, is facing a dilemma, in that we are losing the youth. Many of our young people are leaving the church, and in seeking to answer the question of why this is happening, I would like to share with y ou the resource that I believe to most accurately describe the reason for the youth leaving the church, as well as what to do to stem the flow of this widespread desertion. Recommended Resource(s)The main resource that I believe to be the best and that I would like to recommend, is the book, Why our Teenagers Leave the Church, written by author Roger L. Dudley. I will also be referring to two other resources that I used, both of which is based on the above mentioned book. The first and most important is an article with the same title, and by the same author. It is basically a condensed version of the book, and it covers the basics of the research done, as well as the results and what can be done to prevent the youth from leaving the church. The second is a sermon by Pastor Dwight K.Nelson, titled, Primer for the next generation: XNY 101. In the sermon Pastor Nelson briefly explains how the study was done, the results attained, and the remedy to the problem. I will now proceed to dis cuss the two secondary resources (Article: Why our teenagers leave the church; Sermon: Primer for the next generation: XNY 101), based on the premise of the primary resource (Book: Why our teenagers leave the church). Primary Resource Roger Dudley’s book is the culmination of an expansive 10 year longitudinal study, where the author traced the lives of about 1500 teenagers as they grew up and, often, grew disillusioned.According to his book, Dudley asserts that 40 to 50 percent of Adventist youth leave the church before their mid twenties. Secondary Resources Why our Teenagers leave the Church (Article) As was mentioned previously, the article is a very condensed version of the book, and it goes straight to the point. The purpose of the study was to attempt to discover the extent of the church’s loss of it’s young adults. According to the article, 40 to 50 percent of baptized Seventh Day Adventist teenagers either dropped their membership, or became inactive in the church, in their mid twenties.According to Dudley, there are five influences that determines the continuation or discontinuation of young people in the church, and they are as follows: Home Influences Parochial vs. Public Education Congregational Involvemnet Lifestyle Standards Devotional Practices I am in favor of, and recommend this resource, because it is straight forward and to the point. It provides the needed facts right from the start, allowing the reader to look at the all the determinants and then make a plan on how to proceed to negate or minimize the loss of young people.Primer for the next generation: XNY 101 (Sermon: Audio) Pastor Dwight K. Nelson starts of by explaining the details of the study that was done. He quotes the following from the book: â€Å"Many teenagers and young adults are leaving the church because they perceive it to be behavior centered when they are looking for relationships. † (Why Our Teenagers Leave the Church, P58) â€Å"We have seen that though our youth have heard the words of the gospel of righteousness by grace through faith, . . . [our] emphasis on behavioral standards has led the majority to believe that they must somehow merit salvation. . . Through precept and example, we must do everything possible to clarify grace and to break the hold of legalism. We must communicate a gospel of hope. Without this effort we will never retain our youth. They will not continue to struggle in a contest that they cannot possibly win. † (58, 59 emphasis supplied) I would also gladly recommend this resource, because Paster Nelson identifies the problem from the data, and he then goes on to provide a remedy to the problem. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future. † Franklin D. RooseveltWhen looking at the data covered in these resources, it is clear that the future is uncertain. It is also clear that the youth are the leaders of tomorrows churc h, and in order for them to lead, they need to be there. We need to realize that we cannot necessarily set everything in place for our youth, but, what we can however do, is to prepare our youth for the future, for the decision’s that they will have to make. We can prepare them for this uncertain future by laying a good foundation in our educational institutions, at church, and most importantly at home. The greatest determinant, by far, is the family.If the family is built on the rock, nothing can shake it. â€Å"With such an army of workers as our youth, rightly trained, might furnish, how soon the message of a crucified, risen, and soon-coming Savior might be carried to the whole world! † (Education, p. 271). — Reference List Ellen G. White, Education ( Washington, D. C. : Review and Herald, 1903). Roger L. Dudley, Why Our Teenagers Leave the Church: Personal Stories from a 10-Year Study (Hagerstown, Md. : Review and Herald, 2000) Roger L. Dudley, Why Our Teen agers Leave the Church (Spectrum, Volume 28, Issue 4, Autumn 2000)

Tetraology of fallot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tetraology of fallot - Essay Example difficulty in breathing, physically tired and limp, very fussy, do not respond to external stimuli such as touch or sound, and seizure is sometimes evident. It is possible for tetralogy of fallot to occur during the end of the second month of pregnancy. Medical studies noted that the four specific defects in the development of the different parts of the heart include pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular spetal defect (VSD), overriding aorta, and the right ventricular hypertrophy.2 Pulmonary valve stenosis refers to the narrowing of the pulmonary valve including the area below the valve. The narrowing of the pulmonary valve slows down the flow of the blood coming from the right side of the heart into the lungs. It is necessary for the heart to pump harder in order to push the blood through the smaller opening that connects to the lungs where the blood could pick up some oxygen. The overriding aorta is a heart defect wherein the position of the large artery (aorta) that absorbs the oxygen-rich blood to the body. The aorta in a normal heart is normally attached to the left lower chamber of the heart (ventricle); whereas in the case of tetralogy of fallot, the aorta is located between the left and the right ventricles over the VSD. This causes the mixing of the oxygen-rich and the oxygen-poor blood that causes cyanosis among the affected babies. The right ventricular hypertrophy refers to the thickening of the right lower chamber of the heart (ventricle). The thickening of the heart chamber makes the heart unable to function well. It needs more pumping effort to push the blood through the narrowed pulmonary valve including the area below it. Tetralogy of Fallot can be successfully treated and repaired through an open-heart corrective surgical treatment between the baby’s first sixth month up to one year of age3, 4 or treatment with the use of beta-blockers such as propranolol. It is possible to use simple knee-chest position for a temporary improvement of blood

Gulf Cooperation Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay Example They signed the agreement to the establishment of the GCC on 25 May 1981 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia after conclusive discussions that started on 4 February 1981 in Riyadh. They later signed the unified economic agreement on 11 November 1981 in Abu Dhabi. Initially, the Gulf Cooperation Council covered about 630-million-acre (2,500,000 km2) area where Yemen is now under consideration for membership (Low and Salazar, 2010, p.3). The special economic relations of these Arab countries, Islamic beliefs, similar political systems, geographic proximity, and common objectives were the drivers to the formation of the GCC (GlobalSecurity.org 2012, p.1). Indeed, the common objectives to the formation of the GCC include the establishment of scientific research centers, joint ventures, and a common market currency by 2010. Moreover, GCC has an objective of strengthening relations between the member states, creating unified military force among the member states, and advocating for private sector coo peration on economic and social matters. GCC equally seeks to formulate similar regulations in the sectors of economy, trade, legislation, tourism, finance, and administration sectors. In addition, GCC seeks to foster technical and scientific growth in agriculture, mining, and industry resources. Most importantly, GCC advocates for perfect coordination, integration, and interrelations among the Six Arab countries for developing the unity of purpose (The Cooperation Council for the Arab states of the Gulf, 2012, p.1). Subject to its objectives, the Gulf Cooperation Council carries out many activities with an aim of remaining relevant to its goals. For a fact, the GCC members are actually autocratic monarchies that have no political interest whatsoever (BBC News, 2012, p.1). Hence, political turnarounds rarely affect their activities. Indeed, the member states of GCC are the most dominant force in the world’s oil industry. Hence, they control the world economy via oil trade. Ac tually, GCC aims at reducing its dependence on the US security though the measures to achieve this are still a mystery to the council with members divided on how to tackle Iraq, Iran and Yemen security threats. Nevertheless, in 1984, the GCC created the Saudi-based Peninsula Shield that is a joint defense force serving all the GCC members and their interests (GlobalSecurity.org 2012, p.1). However, there is need to expand the force to serve the members effectively as proposed by Oman in 1991though this quest faces a lot of opposition. More so, in 2004, GCC member states signed the intelligence-sharing pact to countering terrorism in their territories. This pact has been very beneficial to the members. Similarly, GCC is very conscious on matters relating to the environment and hence it uses significant resources in promoting knowledge on the importance of the environment in the Gulf region. In this line, GCC appreciates and accords prizes to individuals and organizations for Best Env ironmental Activities (Terra Viva Grants Directory, 2011, p.1). Economically, GCC established a common market in 2008 for its products although the members are yet to realize full benefits to this initiative. At the same breath, the customs union declared in 2003 by the GCC is yet to reach maximum returns. Consequently, the knowledge on the status of the GCC is very fundamental in tackling this paper. Ideally, the six member states signed the charter to the formation of the GCC on 25 May 1981 at Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates.

Snow by Orhan Pamuk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Snow by Orhan Pamuk - Essay Example Ka’s friend suggests him to go to a town called Kars, which is at the border of Turkey. Ka’s friend works for a newspaper, and felt it would be best for Ka to move to the border of Turkey with Armenia and Georgia, under the disguise of a newspaper journalist. Kars at this time was facing a number of people committing suicide. Ka started to interview people around this area and tried his best to learn about why the suicides. The increasing numbers of suicides were causing a lot of tensions among the people of the city, especially among the local Muslim people as this was not allowed by religion. It was here that Ka was reunited with a friend called Ipek. Ipek and Ka went back a long way, when Ka had feeling for her. Now Ka was located in the hotel owned by Ipek’s father. It was by this time that Ipek had already been married to a man called Muhtar, however had also been divorced. This was mainly due to the growing interest of Muhtar in the Islami political. Ka and Ipek meet up at a cafà © here the duo witnessed a shoot out of the local director of the Institute of Education by a group of Muslim extremist. This Muslim extremist was from a different city and blamed the director for the death of a young lady called Teslime, as the director had banned head scarves in schools. Following this incident, Ka went to Muhtar, to discuss the experience of finding Islam, which was related to a storm and a meeting a charismatic sheikh called Saadettin Efendi. It was here that the duo was arrested by the police and Muhtar was beaten and Ka was questioned for the death of the minis ter. The first parts of the book are mostly in the view point of a third person. The speech used here is in the third person however in the view point of Ka. The narrator at a number of places seems to tell the story on Ka’s journals and correspondence. The information provided by the narrator at times is before Ka knows about it and

Environmental Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Studies - Assignment Example overtime in abundance usually comprise of shallow, warm, marine waters, which is exactly the kind of environment that is required by organisms to form a kind of calcium carbonate shell and skeleton and extract the essential ingredients from the ocean water. These organisms soon die out and their shell and skeletons accumulate and settle to form a type of biological sedimentary rock. This rock will contain at least fifty percent calcium along with a multitude of other minerals and materials, namely; Quartz, clay minerals, feldspar and a few more. There are several large limestone deposits in the world that have been extracted for use in industry. In parts of the United States there are extensive deposits of limestone of various ages from a handful of thousands to more than 350 million years old. In India, several deposits of limestone can be found that are used by the local industries for production processes. More than two-third of India's production of limestone comes from five stat es of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh. Each of these contributes more than 9 per cent of the country's output. The areas of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh, each of which are producing over 5 per cent of the country's lime ­stone, account for another 28 per cent of the coun ­try's production of limestone. . In India, the regions mentioned above; Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh, were the major sources of limestone that contributed to the nation’s supply. Together, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh had a tremendous total of 2,126 million tones of limestone in weight that contributed a total of twenty six percent to the country’s overall production of limestone. Andhra Pradesh, individually,... This paper approves that limestone is the key ingredient in the creation of cement that is used to construct infrastructure. Despite the fact that India produced limestone in such abundance, there have been several shortages of cement that have halted construction altogether. The purest form of natural limestone that is found in some areas of India where limestone deposits exist, is used primarily for decorative purposes in government buildings, museums, extravagant hotels, and sometimes even homes if the occupants are able to afford it; Pure marble limestone is expensive compared to normal limestone. Limestone marble takes several unique shapes and patterns that make it valuable for these purposes in the form of floor tiles, statues, landscaping and roofing. This report makes a conclusion that sustainability is essential for the welfare of our world and the steady growth of society. We work to increase the sustainability of natural resources and the environment, for that purpose, we offer suggestions and recommendations to organizations. In this case, limestone is the resource in discussion. It is clear that limestone deposits will run dry, in fact, shortages have already begun. It is therefore important to look for sustainable solutions and replacements for limestone that will ensure continued, quality production for the business. A project known as The Efficient Limestone Crusher Project was introduced to increase the sustainable quarrying of limestone using specialized crushers and heavy machinery, applying this method may also prove sustainable for the business.

Cultural Studies 3rd year Film Genres Class. There is choice among Essay

Cultural Studies 3rd year Film Genres Class. There is choice among topics - Essay Example Both characters are on a mission to solve the mysteries surrounding them. The genre of the movie Salt is a thriller action; the genre is well expressed by the events that happen in the movie. Throughout the movie, there is a lot of suspense and it becomes very difficult to predict what will happen in the next scene. A generic convention is a language the users use to respond to particular recurring similar situations (Devitt 14). In the Salt movie, some similar situations recur, like the mission of the main character to accomplish the Orlov’s mission of killing both the president of the United States and that of Russia. The main mission of Salt is to destroy the United States as planned by Orlov. The use of generic convention emphasizes the main role of the character in the film. It keeps the individual on track and makes sure that the individual can construct something from the recurring events. The movie is popular among its audience; the audience in this case is the lovers of thriller movies or the individuals who adore female actors as the main characters. The genre of the other movie, Resident Evil: Afterlife is a science fiction action movie. The genre of the movie is challenged by some scenes of horror films. There is a mixture of science fiction and horror characteristics. Although science fiction is the dominant theme, it is blurred by horror scenes and makes it look less science fictional. The aspect of mutations keeps on recurring throughout the movie; they are drawn from the previous films on Resident Evil written by Anderson. It is imperative to note that since the film is an integration of the other parts of Resident Evil movie, it may prove quite difficult for a new watcher to comprehend what is happening. The film is a success and it meets quite a number of audiences; the movie incorporates the audience who love science fiction, those who love horror movies and those who adore female

Explaining a Concept Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Assignment Example rism because there were differences in believes and opinions amongst its members because of the liberation movements that were occurring all over the world, and the right to self-determination. Because of the emergence of these differences, it was very difficult for the UN to come up with a single definition of the term terrorism. A term that is acceptable to all the countries forming the United Nations, and one that is legally binding to all the states that form the United Nations. Despite the inability of the UN to come up with a single definition of the term terrorism, the International Community has developed a series of definitions to depict the various forms of terrorism, criminalizing them in the process. In condemning terrorism attacks in various parts of the world, the UN General Assembly usually use a political description to the term terrorism (Fisher, 15). According to this political description, terrorism is a criminal act whose intention is to create a situation of terror to the public, a particular individual, or a group of individuals for political reasons. These acts are unjustifiable, no matter the philosophical, political, religious, or ethnic reasons given to justify the terrorist act under consideration. Scholars denote that it is possible to define the term terrorism by analyzing its var ious characteristics. The following are the various characteristics of terrorism; A definition by Fisher (26) stresses the importance of tactical and psychological aspects of terrorism. According to this definition, terrorism is a political violence, which occurs in an asymmetric conflict, designed to create psychic fear, and terror. This will occur by violently victimizing and destroying non-combatant areas/ targets. Through such activities, the terror group will be sending a message to the government or relevant agencies concerned about their demands and desires. On this note, terrorists aim at exploiting the media, with the intention of achieving maximum

Sales Letter Essay Example for Free

Sales Letter Essay The Kutztown Community Parks and Recreation Program and I would like to inform you, and your coworkers, of our wonderful summer programs for children. Our camps are a great way for children to interact with others and have a fun time doing it. Instead of your child sitting at home all day playing video games and being bored out of their minds, send them to our camps for a great summer filled with activity. Camps are held from June 1 through August 15. During this time, your child will be entertained with some wonderful opportunities. During the day, children can take their pick between activities such as arts and crafts, sport instruction, structured recreation, supervised free time, and swimming pool usage. Your child will also be provided with two snack times and lunch for a small fee. On the dates 6-5 and 7-11 the camps will be going on field trips to Hershey Park and the Philadelphia Zoo. Transportation is provided for both of these trips. With summer just around the corner, my company and I encourage you to sign your children up for our summer programs. The camps have been very successful in the past. With seven parks, two community pools, sports, arts and crafts, field trips, and a wonderful staff, there is no doubt that your child’s summer will be filled with fun and excitement. Thank you for your time and I will be contacting you in the near future to follow up. If you have any questions before that time please feel free to contact me at [emailprotected] com. Sincerely, JJ Lloyd Activity Director.

Implementation and simulation of basic structure of the radio over fiber link

Implementation and simulation of basic structure of the radio over fiber link CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Wireless communication has gone through enormous growth in the past ten years. Less than a percent of world population had access to cellular technology before early nineties, and by the start of this millennium approximately every one in a five people has a mobile phone. In the same period different countries across the globe have increase the mobile network technology over ninety percent and future forecast says that by the end of 2010 there will be more than 1700 million mobiles users across the world. [1][2] Apart from cellular technology WLANs has also seen phenomenal growth during the past ten years. These WLAN hotspots can be used in public places such as airports, cafes, hotels and restaurant etc. YEAR WLAN Frequency Modulation Bit-Rate (MAX) 1997 IEEE 802.11 2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping and Direct Spread Spectrum 2 Mbps 1998 ETSI Home RF 2.4 GHz Wideband Frequency Hopping 1.6 Mbps 1999 IEEE 802.11b 2.4 GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 11 Mbps 1999 IEEE 802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps 2000 ETSI HiperLAN2 5 GHz OFDM Connection-Oriented 54 Mbps 2003 IEEE 802.11g 2.4 GHz OFDM compatible with 802.11a 54 Mbps Table 1.1 Evolutions of WLAN Standards [3] The rapid growth in wireless communication achieved more fame due the ease of installation as compared to the fixed network. The first generation (1G) mobile system were analogue, discovered in 1980s. The second generation (2G) known as global system for mobile communication (GSM) came on the scene in 1990s, which has been very successful and has achieved extreme success across the globe. GSM is currently the major mobile communication system which is used worldwide. [1] The graph above shows the relationship between coverage and capacity of communication systems. By looking at the graph the cell size of WPAN is of few meters but there transmission rate may go upto 10 Mbps. While considering 2G and 3G systems, there cell sizes may vary upto several kilometres but that are limited to less than 2Mbps. WiMAX technology can provide high bit rate mobile services using frequency span between 2 11 GHz. [6] FREQUENCY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2 GHz UMTS/ 3G Systems 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN 5 GHz IEEE 802.11 a WLAN 2-11 GHz IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 17/19 GHz Indoor Wireless (radio) LANs 28 GHz Fixed Wireless Access Local point to multi point (LMD) 38 GHz Fixed Wireless Access Picocellular 58 GHz Indoor Wireless LANs 57-64 GHz IEEE 802.15 WPAN 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Table 1.2 Frequencies for Wireless Communication Systems [2]-[5] 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WIRELESS NETWORK Wireless networks can be categorized into different groups depending on the area they are applied to. As a result high numbers of standards have been making to public for the development of new techniques in order to increase the spectrum efficiency and perfect utilization of spectrum, which is scarce natural resource. Wireless networks can be divided into three classes; 1.2.1 Wireless Private Area Network (WPAN) Devices of such networks can communicate in the range of tens of metres. Infrared (IR) and Bluetooth are the two implementation of this principle. 1.2.2 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) It is computer network that connects devices which are distributed over a local area (e.g office, house, mall, and airport). IEEE 802.11 which is commonly known as Wi-Fi, is an example of WLAN. 1.2.3 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Such a network covers a geographic area such as city or village. IEEE 802.16 which is commonly known as WiMAX, is an example of WMAN. Depending upon the application, there are licensed and unlicensed frequency bands in which wireless systems can operate. 1.3 WIRELESS APPLICATIONS Now we will discuss wireless standards along with the overview of their applications: 1.3.1 Bluetooth WPAN Bluetooth is a radio standard, which operates in the unlicensed Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 2.485 GHz. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is used in order to minimize interference and fading. In order to make the transceiver architecture as simple as possible, binary modulation is used. The bit rate is up to 3 Mb/s. The benefits of Bluetooth include low power consumption and low cost, therefore they are used in devices such as laptops, mobile phones and PDAs. [7] Power Class Maximum Output Power Minimum Output Power 1 100mW(20dBm) 1mW(0dBm) 2 2.5mW(4dBm) 0.25mW(-6dBm) 3 1mW(0dBm) Table 1.3 Bluetooth classes and power levels [7] 1.3.2 Wi Fi WLAN The Wi-Fi alliance, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the European telecommunications standard Institute (ETSI) are the three organizations which influenced the standardization of WLAN. The IEEE WLAN standard is referred as 802.11. At the moment, the most used techniques are defined by the IEEE 802.11a, b and g standards. [8] Standard Release date Operating frequency Maximum Data Rate 802.11a 1999 5.15 5.35 GHz 5.725 5.825 GHz 54 Mbps 802.11b 1999 2.4 2.5 GHz 11 Mbps 802.11g 2003 2.4 2.5 GHz 54 Mbps Table 1.4 IEEE 802.11a, b and g standards [8] 1.3.3 WiMAX WMAN WiMAX is an abbreviation for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. The WiMAX Forum is a non profit association. The aim and objective of the WiMAX technology is to provide fixed, portable or mobile connectivity to the users even if they located up to 6 miles away from base station and it is not necessary to be in line of sight. WiMAX can operate on any frequency below 66 GHz, as operating frequency may change for different countries depending on local regulation. It is possible replacement for mobile/cellular technologies such as GSM and CDMA. It has been considered to be the wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G and 4G networks. The limitations associated with WiMAX is that it can either provide high data rates or it can transmit data over longer distances but not both simultaneously. [9] 1.3.4 Distributed Antenna Systems and Radio Over Fiber Distributed Antennas Systems (DAS) are used for several applications in the mobiles and wireless communications. It can be installing over indoor and outdoor sites. DAS can be implemented on those areas where there is lack of signals such as tunnels, underground stations etc. in order to extend the coverage of mobile network. Radio over fibre consists of remote unit and central unit. Remote unit is kept very simple since it only consists of devices for reception of radio frequency signals and optoelectronic conversion. All expensive and complex equipments are located at central unit and functions such as modulation and up/down conversion etc. are done. This resulted in increase in efficiency and maintenance cost because as compared to central units, remote units are numerically high in numbers and often remote units are located in sites that are not easy to get in touch with. [10] 1.4 FLOW CHART OF THE DISSERTATION 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the dissertation is to implement and simulate the basic structure of the radio over fiber link using OFDM transceiver with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The MATLAB version 7.8.0 (R2009a) is used for model implementation. Basically two models are designed: model number 1 consists of OFDM transceiver linked with a gain which represents the length of the fiber channel. Actually it is based on the theoretical fact that fiber has 0.2db loss per kilometre. For example 25km length fiber will be represented as 5 dB(-ve sign to show loss). Later on simulations are carried out by varying the length of fiber and results are deduced. Model 2 consist of OFDM transceiver as well but linked with laser diode model, fiber channel model and photodiode model as these are the fundamental components of RoF link. Some additional parameters of measuring the transmitted and received power and bit error rate calculation are also introduced to enhance the diversity of the project. 1.6 DISSERTATION OUTLINE The dissertation consists of six chapters: Chapter 1 is the introduction chapter in which wireless communication systems and wireless applications have been discussed briefly. Chapter 2 consist of the theory of radio over fiber which includes the need of RoF system, what RoF technology is, advantages and disadvantages of RoF system and applications of RoF technology. Chapter 3 purely consist of theory related to OFDM technology. Sub topics include in this chapter are principles of OFDM, history, advantages and disadvantages and applications of OFDM. Fourier transform is also discussed in this particular chapter. Chapter 4 consist of methodology of the dissertation. It consists of the models implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the brief study of the essential blocks used in the models. Chapter 5 is the chapter of simulations and results. Chapter 6 includes the conclusion and future work regarding radio over fiber and OFDM. CHAPTER 2: RADIO OVER FIBER 2.1 INTRODUCTION Radio-over-fiber (RoF) is a communication technology for delivering broadband applications to wireless users such as satellite communications, mobile-radio communications, broadband access radio, multipoint video distribution and broadband mobile services. RoF technologies make use of optical and radio communication media for providing above mentioned broadband services. The optical part is used to transmit microwave signals between a central radio base station and a remote radio antenna and on the other hand radio part provides coverage to wireless users. In RoF system radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through an optical network in an easier way by directly modulating the intensity of the light source with the RF signal to be transmitted and on the receiving end direct detection of the signal at photo detector. The modulating of the laser-diode light intensity with electrical signals at multiple frequencies causes a number of problems such as relative intensity, noise chirp and inter modulation distortion. The main sources of non-linearity in a system are the laser-diode light source, the optical fiber and the photo detector. [27] 2.2 NEED FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEMS For the future prerequisite multimedia services and broadband over wireless media, some distinctive characteristics are needed such as cell size reduction in order to accommodate more users and to operate in the millimetre wave (mm-wave) frequency bands to overcome spectral clogging. Such a system would demands a large number of base stations to cover large geographical coverage area and base station should be cost effective as well, then only such a system would be successful in market. In such a competitive market, this necessity has led to the evolution of system architecture where microwave functions such as signal processing, signal routing, handover, modulation, protocols setting and frequency allocation etc. are performed at central control station (CS) rather than at remote station or base station (BS). This type of centralized arrangement allows complex, sensitive and expensive equipments to be positioned in safer environment and shared among several BSs or RSs (Remote Stati ons). Now the question arises how to link the central station (CS) with BS. In such type of radio network, the use of optical fiber is the most suitable choice for the linking of CS with BSs, as fiber is cheaper in cost, has low loss, immune to Electromagnetic Inter Modulation (EMI) and provides wider bandwidth. By keeping the BSs as simple as possible and by sharing the resources provided by CS among several BSs, can effectively minimizes the cost of entire network and thus maintenance cost. Modulation of RF sub carriers onto an optical carrier over an fiber is known as Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. Typically RoF network consist of central CS, where functions like switching, routing, medium access control (MAC) and frequency management takes place whereas at BSs functions like optical to electrical and vice versa are performed. [32] 2.3 RADIO OVER FIBER TECHNOLOGY Radio over fiber system consists of a Radio Base Station (RBS) and Radio Access Point (RAP) which are connected by an optical fiber link. Optical fiber link is used to distribute RF signals from a RBS to RAP. RAP only contains optoelectronic conversion devices and amplifiers. In GSM technology RBS could be referred as Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and RAP as Base Station (BS). The frequency used by the RoF systems usually lies under GHz region depending on the nature of application. Basically RoF systems were used to transmit microwave signals and to achieve mobility functions in RBS. Therefore modulated microwave signals had to be available at the input end of the system, which are then delivered to the RAP as optical signals. Signals at RAP are re-generated and radiated by antennas. Due to the advancement of technology, RoF systems are designed to perform added radio system functionalities other then transportation and mobility functions. The functions include are data modulation, signal processing and frequency conversion (up and down). The electrical signal at the input of the multifunctional RoF system may be baseband data, modulate IF or actual modulated RF signal for distribution. The modulated optical signal is carried over the optical fiber link to the remote station. At the receiving end, demodulation of the signal is carried out by the photo detector and the optical signal is converted back to electrical signal. [12] [13] 2.4 ADVANTAGES OF RADIO OVER FIBER 2.4.1 Low Attenuation It is observed that high frequency signals when transmitted in free space or through transmission lines are expensive and sometimes due to different reasons challenging as well. In free space, losses are directly proportional to frequency due to absorption and reflection. Increase in frequency also gives rise in impedance when signal is delivered through transmission line. Therefore in order to overcome these issues, expensive signal regenerating equipment is required to distribute radio signal electrically over long distances. The cheaper solution is to use optical fibers which offer lower losses. Single Mode Fiber (SMF) made from glass (silica) has attenuation losses below 0.2dB/km and 0.5dB/km in the 1.5um and 1.3um windows respectively. [11] 2.4.2 Larger Potential Bandwidth Larger bandwidth is being offered by optical fibers. Larger bandwidth provides high capacity for transmitting high frequency signals and also enables high speed signal processing which is difficult to achieve in electronics systems. Basically there are three main transmission windows, namely 850nm, 1310nm, and 1550nm wavelengths, which offer low attenuation. Anyhow optical system has to combine with electronic system in order to perform different tasks. But bandwidth mismatch of the systems create problem which is known as electronic bottleneck. The solution to this problem is the use of effective multiplexing techniques such as OFDM, DWDM and SCM. [11] 2.4.3 Easy Installation And Maintenance The plus point of RoF system is the Switching Centre (SC), which are less in numerical quantity because one SC is shared by several Remote stations (RSs), which are equipped with all the expensive and complex equipments and RSs are kept simpler which includes only photo detector, amplifier and an antenna, thus reducing system installation and maintenance cost. [11] 2.4.4 Reduced Power Consumption As discussed earlier centralized SCs are equipped with complex equipment and RSs are kept simpler with less equipments thus resulting in reduced power consumption. Thus RSs can be operated in passive mode. [11] 2.4.5 Immune To Interference And Crosstalk As we know that optical fibers form a dielectric waveguide therefore there are no concepts as electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequency interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic pulses (EMP). In fact it doesnt require shielding form EMI. Hence optical signal can be transmitted through electrically noisy environment unaffectedly. The optical fiber can be used underground or overhead as it is not disposed to lightening strike. [11] 2.4.6 Signal Security In RoF system, optical signals are transmitted in the form of light, which doesnt radiate drastically, thus providing high degree of signal security. Therefore it is widely used in military, banking and general data transmission applications. [11] 2.5 DISADVANTAGES OF RADIO OVER FIBER RoF systems can be called as analog communication system. Therefore signal impairments such as noise and distortion are worth considering in RoF. These impairments tend to limit Noise Figure (NF) and Dynamic Range (DR) of the RoF links. Chromatic dispersion may limit fiber link length when considering SMFs RoF. Modal dispersion can limit the available link bandwidth and distance when considering MMFs RoF system. Relative Intensity Noise(RIN), lasers phase noise, photodiodes shot noise, amplifiers thermal noise and fibres dispersion are few examples of noise sources in analog optical fibre links.[10] 2.6 APPLICATIONS OF RADIO OVER FIBER Listed below are the few applications regarding RoF: 2.6.1 Mobile Communication Network A mobile network is a useful application of RoF technology. In the past decade the numbers of mobile subscribers coupled with the increasing demand of broadband service have been keeping massive pressure on the mobile service provider to provide vast capacity to the end user. [11] 2.6.2 Video Distribution Systems (VDS) VDS is one of the major applications of RoF systems. In this case the Multipoint Video Distribution Service (MVDS) is used for mobile terrestrial transmission. In MVDS the transmitter serves the coverage area based on tall building. Gunn oscillators and heat pipes are used for frequency stabilization while a fiber link can be used for feeding a TWT or solid state amplifiers. This system provides reduction in weight and wind loading of transmitter. [11] 2.6.3 Cellular Broadband Services Due to the very high bit rates of nearly 155 Mbps, carrier frequency is pushed into mm-waves. For this purpose frequency band in 66 GHz frequency band have been allocated. The 62-66 GHz band is used for downlink while 65-66 GHz frequency band can be used for uplink transmission. [11] 2.6.4 Vehicle Control And Communication For vehicle communication and system the frequency band between 63 64 GHz and 76-77 GHz frequency band has been allocated. They are used to provide continuous mobile communication coverage in major areas for the purpose of intelligent transport systems which includes road to vehicle communication (RVC) and inter vehicle communication (IVC). These can be made simple and cost effective by feeding them through RoF system. [11] CHAPTER 3: ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 3.1 THE PRINCIPLES OF OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a multi carrier technique which divides the bandwidth into several carriers. Each carrier is modulated by a low rate data stream. OFDM has the ability to use the spectrum efficiently by spacing the channels close to each other. Closeness of the channels can result in the interference therefore to prevent interference all carriers are orthogonal to each other which means all carriers are independent to each other. [14] In FDMA a single channel is allocated to each user to transmit information. The bandwidth of each channel is about 10 kHz-30 kHz for voice communications. In order to prevent channels from interfering with one another, the allocated bandwidth is made wider than the minimum amount required. This extra bandwidth or spacing between channels is wasting about 50% of the total spectrum. As the channel bandwidth becomes narrower the problem becomes worst. [14] In TDMA multiple users access the same channel or utilized the full bandwidth in different time slots. Many low data rates users can be combined to transmit in a single channel thus bandwidth or spectrum can be used efficiently. There are two problems associated with TDMA. Firstly the symbol rate of each channel is high resulting in multipath delay spread. Secondly at the start time of each user to use bandwidth for data transmission, a change over time has to be allocated in order to prevent from propagation delay variations and synchronization errors. This change over time is a loss, limiting the number of users that can be accommodated efficiently in each channel. [14] OFDM is solution to both the problems occurring in FDMA and TDMA. Actually OFDM splits the available bandwidth into many narrow sub channels. As the carriers are orthogonal to each other which means they are purely independent of each other therefore they can be spaced very close to each other. Any time full utilization of bandwidth is possible in OFDM, therefore there is no need for users to be time multiplex and no more switching of the users for bandwidth. Users can send and receive data at any time unlike TDMA. [14] 3.2 OFDM HISTORY The concept of OFDM was first developed in 1950s. A US copyright was issued in January 1970. The evolution of OFDM took place in order to use the available bandwidth or spectrum more efficiently. [15][16] OFDM was first implemented in military communications just like CDMA. KINIPLEX [17] and ANDEFT [18] are two examples of OFDM application in high frequency military system. AN/GSC-10(KATHRYN) variable rate data modem was the early application of OFDM which was built for high frequency radio. In 1980s, OFDM had been studied for high speed modems, digital mobile communications and high density recording. OFDM techniques for multiplexed QAM using DFT was discover by Hirosaki [19]. He has also designed 19.2 kbps voice band data modem which uses QAM modulation. In 1990s, OFDM has been exploited for data communication over mobile radio FM channels, high bit rate digital subscribers lines(HDSL), very high speed digital subscriber lines(VHDSL), digital audio broadcasting(DAB), digital television, HDTV terrestrial broadcasting and asymmetric digital subscriber lines(ADSL).[14] OFDM has been considered more towards mobile communication due to its robustness to multipath propagation. Recently OFDM has been put into practice in audio broadcasting applications such as DAB and DVB. And it has been successfully implemented in wireless LAN applications as well. [14] 3.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM The application of OFDM was not very practical in 1960s. Quite a few numbers of oscillators were needed to generate the carrier frequencies for sub channel transmission. At that time it was a bit difficult to make it practical, that is why OFDM scheme was said to be impracticable. Complexity of the OFDM scheme was eliminated with the evolution of Fourier Transform where harmonically related frequencies are generated by Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transforms used to implement OFDM systems. Fourier Transform can be used in linear systems analysis, antenna studies, optics, random process modelling, probability theory, quantum physics and boundary-value problems. 3.4 OFDM REAL PARAMETERS In the last 10 years, the usage of OFDM has increased to enormous extent. It has been proposed for radio broadcasting such as EUREKA 147 standard and Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM). Some of the useful parameters are listed below: [20]  · Data rate: 6Mbps to 48 Mbps  · Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64 QAM  · Coding: Convolutional concatenated with Reed Solomon  · FFT size: 64 with 52 sub-carriers uses, 48 for data and 4 for pilots  · Sub carrier Frequency Spacing: 200 MHz divided by 64 carrier or 0.3125 MHz  · FFT Period / Spacing Period: 3.2usec  · Guard Duration: One quarter of symbol time, 0.8usec  · Symbol time: 4usec 3.5 ADVANTAGES OF OFDM  · Overlapping is used for efficient use of spectrum.  · OFDM systems are more often reluctant to freq selective fading by dividing the channel into narrowband sub channels.  · Cyclic prefix is used to discard ISI and IFI.  · The symbols lost due to selective fading can easily be recovered by using channel coding and interleaving.  · The use of single carrier systems makes channel equalization simpler by using adaptive equalization techniques.  · With reasonable complexity max likelihood decoding is possible.  · FFT techniques allow OFDM to be computationally efficient to the functions of modulation and demodulation.  · It can also be used for DAB systems and partial algorithms can be used for program selection.  · A channel estimator can easily be discarded with the use of differential modulation.  · As compared to single carrier systems OFDM is less sensitive to sample timing offset.  · OFDM gives extra protection concerning parasitic noise and co channel interference.  · In severe multipath orthogonality is preserved.  · OFDM is used in high speed applications and dynamic packet access is also supported.  · Transmitting and receiving diversity are supported. On the other hand OFDM also supports adaptive antenna arrays, space time coding and power allocation. 3.6 DISADVANTAGES OF OFDM  · The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio.  · It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems. 3.7 PROBLEMS WITH OFDM 3.7.1 Peak To Average Ratio PAR is an important OFDM parameter which is defined as the ratio of peak instantaneous value to average time. It can also determine parameters such as current, voltage, phase and power of the signal. Since OFDM is a summation of several carrier signals therefore results in high PAR. The RF power needs to be increased to overcome the problem of efficiency in PAR. In order to increase the radio frequency power an amplifier is needed which can increase the cost of the system as it is expensive equipment. In order to solve the problems created by PAR, different encoding schemes should be used before the modulation. Also the improvement in the amplification stage of transmitter is needed such as post processing the time domain signal to reduce the peak to mean signal ratio. [21][22] 3.7.2 Synchronization The performance of OFDM link can be optimized by using two kinds of synchronizations between transmitter and the receiver.  · Timing Synchronization: The timing offset of the symbol is not need to be determined and then the optimal timing instants.  · Frequency Synchronization: The carrier frequency of the received signal must be aligned at the receiving end. Timing sync can easily be achieved because the degree of sync error in OFDM structure is more severe. The sync techniques can be achieved by using known pilot tones that are embedded in OFDM signal or by using guard interval. [21][22] 3.7.3 Co-Channel Interference In mobile communications co channel interference can be overcome by combining techniques related to adaptive antenna systems. Receiver antenna beam can be focused by beam steering while co channel interferers are attenuated. This is useful as OFDM is sensitive to co- channel interference. [21][22] 3.8 APPLICATIONS OF OFDM  · High frequency modems used for military  · Voice band modems  · ADSL  · HDSL  · DAB  · Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T)  · Power line communication systems  · WLAN  · Cable modems  · Wavelength Division Multiplexing CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter includes the in depth study of the models built on MATLAB/SIMULINK. MATLAB version 7.8.0 (R2009a) is used for the modelling. Basically two models are designed whic

Martin Luther King Jr History Essay

Martin Luther King Jr History Essay In the 1800s slavery in America was very normal, nobody looked in on. The slaves often came from Africa where they were picked up by boat and were brought to America. They were in America on the slave market to people sold into slavery, which they then had to work. The slaves had no rights and nothing to say. This went on for years like this. More and more people used their minds and there were also whites disagreed. There were people in revolt in 1860 and caused a civil war to liberate the slaves. Before the end of the civil war in 1863 President Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery. The black still had many problems in life. As they were much poorer than whites and were less and other rights they had were for example in some places not come. The black were seen as inferior. Also, they were often threatened or attacked by whites. Usually they were a member of whites than whites club called Ku Klux Klan, that society was against black people. Black was wrong according to their species / breed, so they were often threatened and discriminated against by the whites. Some examples of these measures against black: The training was for black people often less than the programs of the white people. She also had a different school than the white man, who was usually a worse school, which had a lower level. Many public places were forbidden for black people as I have mentioned such as cinemas, parks, etc. Even at the oddest places and you saw a difference against the black, for example, the toilets were of black and whites were separated so much bad for black than of whites. Also, the stores where no black people were allowed, they were such as to another shop for clothes when they had money for. This went on for years like this until finally there was a man who stood for the rights of people and especially the black Martin Luther King (Jr.). 2. Who is Martin Luther King (Jr.)? Martin Luther King (Jr.) was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia) in the United States of America. His parents were both learned men. His mother was Alberta Christine Williams and his father was named Martin Luther King. His father was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church, there met his wife know. He was also a civil rights activist. The King family was a good and wealthy black family from Atlanta. The father of Martin Luther King could not racism against the black bear. He taught his children than that racism was bad and that everyone was equal. This anti-racist education was critical of Martin Luther King Jr..s Further life. Martin was at a younger age preoccupied with religion and found it very interesting. He wanted to become a pastor himself, but really wanted more he wanted people to think. On July 18, 1953 married Martin Luther King (Jr.) with Coretta Scott she is a musician and she was also someone who advocated equal rights and follower of the work of her husband. Together they had children too Yolanda Denise (1955), Martin Luther III (1957), Dexter Scott (1961) and Bernice Albertine (1963). In 1955 after he had finished his studies, he became minister in Montgomery, Alabama city. This is one of the southern states where the difference between black and white was well made. Scott Correta his wife had really not looking to go back to the southern states, because she was sick of it. She grew up with apartheid and hatred of the negro. But ÂÂ  Martin Luther King (Jr.) considered it his duty to the south to work hard. He wanted to make sure the black people a better future. His stay in Montgomery led him straight into the everyday problems of black people, he was also only 26year. In 1960 he returned to Atlanta, where it came from. In October 1960 he was arrested in a sandwich shop, but not because of his actions, but for a trivial traffic violation. He was imprisoned. This case has received attention across the country eventually did Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy free. He also had a few awards such as Nobel Peace Prize (1964), received by Pope Paul VI in Rome, man of the year by Time Magazine (1963), statue in New York, National Day in USA (Martin Luther King day) and many honorary degrees worldwide. 3. Position and the followers of Martin Luther King Criticism (Jr.). Martin Luther King (Jr.) fought for the civil rights of the people. He was sure that every person was equal and the same rights, meaning that while blacks and whites who wanted equal. He also had a great example that was Mhatma Gandhi from India who was also against violence was. The Indians came in opposition to the British under the leadership of Gandhi, because India was formerly a colony of England. The Indians had to work hard and really made use of the English. Gandhi was right that they fought against it, but wanted it without violence, nonviolent resistance So, like King did. King has worked on include the abolition of apartheid in the bus (bus boycott) and in public places. Through the good speeches and sermons of Martin Luther King (Jr.) wanted a lot of people both black and whites to campaign they were hopeful of him. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was for nonviolence and against discrimination and found that blacks and whites were equal. That was his dream. The supporters of King were especially poor black people. They saw King as their leader and gave their hopes for their rights arose. King by his actions, people could express their rage and show that they disagreed. The supporters were therefore often very poor and had no money. The children were raised by only their mother, because fathers often had to fight in the Vietnam War. The women often work, but were very poorly paid. Mostly clear was their boss and then as their inferior, and then was underpaid. Usually attended the black together together together in a neighborhood, a slum. Where no white people in sight, the black and whites lived are often separated. Also, the white people who join the thinking of Martin Luther King (Jr.) that also put their thinking. But it is mainly black supporters were in bad conditions, they relied on King, he was their hope. Despite the great King aanhand there was indeed critical. People were angry with him because actions often students who left school and participate in its actions. Sometimes children or young children of primary schools involved. Around 1961 and 1962 was marching through the streets of Albany (Georgia). As someone who march on Martin Luther King asked why he used children in the demonstrations that answer: that children have to express themselves and to demonstrate against the injustice done to all of their birth. It was also particularly about the future of the children. There was also criticism among blacks, who felt that everything should go faster. She wanted more rapid improvements in their situation. She wanted to use force, because they thought it might be faster. King continued to stand behind his position. He continued to believe that nonviolent resistance was the best thing they could do. Violence would only bring more violence and hatred would arise. Despite continued crit icism by King fight. 4. What did Martin Luther King (Jr.) for the black stuff and what did he outside de U.S.A? Martin Luther King (Jr.) demanded of the black that they used no violence, that nonviolent resistance was the best. It was difficult for black people angry to calm and quiet, but he managed with difficulty. He taught them some violent resistance was. 1. Its really any resistance. It takes courage, not for the fainthearted. 2. It is not intended to defeat your opponent, but your opponent will understand. 3. The attack is focused on the injustice done in the world. Not against the people. During a speech in Chicago, said Martin Luther King (Jr.): The violent man not only refuses to shoot his opponent but he refuses to hate him. That the Americans found strange. The man who lets his enemy will not return, according to him eventually win the battle, it believed Martin Luther King (Jr.). Why did Kings nonviolent resistance so important? Well he felt like his white opponents had shot that had no understanding among white people. If you object to violence only creates more violence and that solves nothing. The black would still have lost the battle because the whites were much more powerful. Through his non-violent resistance was also white on his side, got his way of handling things better understanding of the disparity between black and a white population. He undertook many actions in the United States of America, which you can read the next chapter actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.). He also made trips abroad. The mayor of Berlin invited him to do a speech for a large crowd in Berlin. Pope Paul VI received him in Rome. He also visited the Netherlands. In 1965 he was in Amsterdam to talk to people. Very important was his trip to India, the land of Gandhi. As you could read in Chapter 3, people in India were in revolt against the British led by Gandhi, but he pleaded like King for nonviolent resistance was therefore also the biggest example of Martin Luther King (Jr.). Gandhi was due to his opposition in jail. He did 3 weeks of hunger strike and other so long that the Indians were free. On August 8, 1948, India became independent. Unfortunately, who can not experience, 30januari he was shot by an Indian who saw nothing in nonviolent resistance that he found weakness. When King was still a student who has read books about Gandhi, so he learned how to organize nonviolent opposition had. That what he learned about nonviolent resistance he wanted black people to learn. Example, holding marches, which is a procession with people. Whats happening in Montgomery, said many black students, but also white students mostly from North Carolina. Since the students wanted an end to apartheid in snack bars and restaurants. She went right in, even though they were refused, they went down there and demanded to be served. It was days like this, every day. This be came known as sit-ins. This action ensured that more equality in hundreds of places created / came. Through his many speeches and actions, the support, but also enemies. He found that he could get problems with the whites. He and 3000 people were detained and arrested by a police commissioner, Eugene Conor. He was strongly against the actions of the protesters and against people like Martin Luther King (Jr.). The police went very rage against the demonstrators, mostly black. There were in America, images and people are really shocked. There were angry reactions from the country not only of blacks but also whites of the population. This provoked the anger forced the city to racial segregation in parks and cinemas and other public places should be abolished. And there were black are employed in the department store. There were more demonstrations in action. When his influence peaked in 1964 had won, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Martin Luther King (Jr.) was seen as a man who coul d save the black community. He taught black people so violent resistance, but he also speeches abroad, where he also played on information, its most important trip was to India. 5. Actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.) This chapter discusses the two main actions of Martin Luther King (Jr.) supply, the bus boycott and the march to Washington DC. I had in the previous chapter described some smaller actions and demonstrations, but I feel that these are the two most important and famous. The first major action of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was the bus boycott. The reason was that the action of Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery. Montgomery was required that as a black on the bus to a white face. Rosa Parks later said: I really do not know why I did not rise. I had nothing special planned. I was just tired from shopping and feet hurt. After the police arrived there was Rosa, she was arrested and fined 10dollar. When the black population of Montgomery heard that they were very angry and decided to hold a meeting. They made a plan and that plan had become a general boycott of the bus. This came forward a committee led by Martin Luther King (Jr.). The text that was made for the protest was do not take the bus to work, to town and from school etc. 5december. There is another black woman was arrested, said since refused to stand in the bus for a white man. Prefer to go anywhere, if you really need to work, take a taxi or ride with someone with you or walk. Come Monday at a mass meeting at 19:00 Molt Street Baptist Church for more information. On that day Monday 5december 1955 there were almost no black on the bus. The bus boycott went so very well. They never imagined that it would go so well. The protesters had a committee had to be remembered as a name that was: Montgomery Improvement Assocation, abbreviated MIA. King was the president so that night was a speech that she had made that afternoon. In the speech King would tell how he wanted to solve the racial problems, with violent protest and put pressure on the authorities. He wanted the black population was a unit together and revolt. The bus boycott was more comprehensive, they asked the people taking the bus again only if there were changes. The whites not picked a rose up and pulled the black neighborhoods and black people went there to bother. They wanted action but it did not stop. They were Martin Luther King (Jr.) is in prison, but t hat produced nothing, because they quickly released because the deposit paid. The bus was very angry because the black is no longer the bus came, they earned much less. Despite everything the police did nothing. There were many setbacks, but the black fought together. Also Martin Luther King (Jr.) went through despite a bomb attack on his house, he was not there but his wife and daughter were at my home, but were unharmed. Another setback was a Saturday afternoon in 1958 when Martin Luther King (Jr.) in a harem, King was a department store there in the book Stride Toward Freedom at the signing. The book was about the bus boycott in Montgomery. Then suddenly, and woman named Izola Ware Curry and asked King if he was Martin Luther King, where he yes answers. But at that moment was not looking, because a signature, she stuck him with a letter opener. King survived happily for the event. What began as a strike of 24 hours into a strike of one year. Because the black continued until they had achieved what they wanted to achieve. What finally worked. Supreme Court decided in 1956 that segregation on buses had to be shaved. This success came more and more protests and strikes, with the goal: equal rights for blacks. King had organised many marches, the most famous of these was the March to Washington DC. The march on Washington was held at 28augustus 1963, under the leadership of Martin Luther King (Jr.). The black population is now thought that they had waited long enough. She wanted to go but once freedom. In order to reach it, they had to perform actions. One of the black leaders, A. Philip Randolph, came up with an idea. He thought for a march to Washington and proposed to keep that. A few other black leaders doubted whether it would succeed. Suppose now is like walking out of hand and there are fights or there is no case, it would be completely wrong. The rest of the leaders had confidence in it and so was everybody, white and black, called to participate in the march on Washington. Then everyone could see that they were for freedom and equal rights for whites and blacks did. On 28augustus there were more people than they had thought there were as many as 250,000 people to the memorial of Abraham Lincoln, there would begin the march. 60,000 of those people were white. They also found that black should have equal rights as their. The whole march went well, there were no problems. Martin Luther King (Jr.) had to march a speech. He had prepared the speech in New York. During the speech, which was about the continuation of violent resistance, etc. Did he suddenly returned to his speech in June, while he used the words I have a dream . His speech was not as thought, but suddenly had a twist. Then came his most famous speech ever. Through this speech were more people standing behind King. Many whites were against racism and for equal rights were. There was also the media attention to the speech. That was very rare for the actions of blacks, there is usually only something in a newspaper when something has happened in such a violent action, but this time the newspapers were full of it. The march and speech I Have a Dream came on television. Other countries were themselves more concerned, the action was therefore greater than ever. The black freedom and would no l onger be seen as a slave. And so did this action, because finally something was going to change. These were the two most important and biggest and most famous actions that Martin Luther King has been done with them or 6. The assassination of Martin Luther King (Jr.). Martin Luther King (Jr.) always had many opponents. Many whites took his opinion stupid or bad, they could not like. He stood up for equal rights for black people. King had been threatened several times, as an autograph session that he was stabbed with a letter opener. This time he was lucky and was quickly out of the hospital. This was not his only setback in his life. There have also been several bomb attacks on his house, lucky there was rarely anyone at home or they were lucky and were unharmed. A time bomb was so bad that his house was completely destroyed. The perpetrators were found in whites racists. People who thought themselves better than other races or are black people. He also repeatedly seriously assaulted or attacked by racist opponents. It is also a few times that he was arrested and imprisoned, because they came out for equal rights for black people and white people. When he received the Nobel Prize for peace, he was arrested again 60 days later. Action because he wa nted to defend the black. There was a law established that black could vote. But if black people wanted to register so they could vote for what they never heard back. Whites people were too poor for black people to vote. There were laws, but they were hardly implemented. In 1968 4april fired a white man from a racist family, the fatal gunshot. Later it became known that James Earl Ray was. It was a sniper in front of the apartment at the motel across from the room of Martin Luther King (Jr.). He only needed one shot to shoot King. It all happened in Memphis, Tennessee. That same day, Martin Luther King said in a speech in the church, it is spoken about threats on the part of our white brothers. I would like to live long, but Im not worried about that now. Im worried about nothing. The news of the death of Martin Luther King (Jr.) was really a great message to the world very quickly spread throughout America and the rest of the world. The president, President Johnson came right on television, how he felt about the murder of King, he thought it was awful. He asked every citizen the violence King had fallen victim to reject. The speech came too late because within 24 hours after the announcement of the death of Martin Luther King had already struck the violence in Memphis. Snipers fired at the police and riots were conducted and shops looted. The pain was quickly transferred to other cities. Martin Luther King has given his life for his ideal: equal rights for b lack people and white people. Unfortunately, this ideal is not reality. Always get the black people seen as an inferior race. That just because a black / dark-skinned slaves in history. Yet Kings life for no nothing. He has put a lot of people think about, inequality and violence. He was buried in Atlanta 9april 1968. He had a funeral as slaves in those days before two donkeys pulled a cart containing the coffin was alone this time behind the procession walked thousands of times larger. There were about 15,000 people participated in the procession, most of which were white. The true facts of the murder was never known. James Earl Ray, the assassin, caused a new wave of attention on the place of Martin Luther King (Jr.) had. His comments and thoughts are still many people a source of inspiration. There is also a beautiful sentence on his tombstone: Free at last Free at last. Thanks God Almighty. I am free at last. That means: Free at last free at last. Thank you Almighty God. At last I am free. Afterword. While making this piece, I learned a lot about Martin Luther King (Jr.). I admire him for how he helped people and that what she did. Me it was a beautiful story of what he did pity the poor run off and get shot. I thought it was an educational mission. I did not always make much sense to make it, yet I am wiser or it is today. It was sometimes a difficult task to find the information. Unfortunately I have nothing to do with myself in pictures or the like. Because never in the square in Washington wouldve been just once want to go to see where Martin Luther King (Jr.) has done well his speech. Hopefully you will find it a good piece. resource list Sites: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King http://werkstuk.freddoweb.nl/mlk/mlkfr.htm http://www.spreekbeurten.info/King.html http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/8066 http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/6238 Books: The autobiografy: Martin Luther King (Jr.) Author: Edited by Clayborne Carson. People: Mother helps me with grammatica. My grandfather with information about Martin Luther King (Jr.). He was been a history teacher.