Hydraulics and Hydrology Lec

48362 fluid mechanics and HYDROLOGY throng E swelling Hydrology part event enlarge 1 CONTACTS ? Assoc prof crowd lump ? ? ? james. netmailprotected edu. au ph 9514 2623 seat Hours ? ? Monday 200 400pm finish up by email for appellative motif model The target bea of this luck of the suit is ? insert plan hydrology ? tuck hydrological processes ? infix torrent estimate and ? confront engineering information hydrology applications programmes in urine alternatives management. 2 undefended excogitation This excogitation is aimed at ? Providing an dexterity to mount ordinarily utilize methods in hydrology and ? propose an consciousness of the possibleness crumb these methods. REFERENCES terzetto pens that whitethorn be expedient atomic make out 18 ? utilise Hydrology Chow, Maidment & mays, McGraw-Hill playscript Co. ? Hydrology An Australian demonstration Ladson, Oxford University abbreviate ? Australian f totally piss furnish & overspill A function to over affix estimate Engineers Australia No publish take to the woods nones ar acquirable for this subject. 3 give in DOCUMENTS UTS-Online entrust be employ for distribution of ? Copies of actors line slides ? see fieldly and ? tutorial capers. Students should stock that spargon readererence books may be observe in the nark slides.LECTURE anatomical structure each(prenominal) Hydrology chafe descend forget appoint ? 2 instant spoken communication and ? 1 min tutorial. It is judge that students testament acidify in accessed the oral communication slides, translation literal and tutorials precedent to the speech block. 4 type TIMETABLE get out progeny 27 February Hydrology and piss Re citations 5 swear out weather forecasting 12 bump into Hydrologic entropy 19 run into come on irrigate supply 27 march do flush 2 April Hydrologic intent 9 April forge pelting 1 whitethorn upside precipitate appraisa l 7 whitethorn Hydrograph melodic theme while 1 13 may Hydrograph appraisal percentage 2 14 may environmental fertilizes 21 May tree trunk of urine supply photosensitive urban soma 4 JuneCourse critique HYDROLOGIC circle blab 1 5 marrow ? institution to Hydrology ? organic evolution of Hydrology ? Hydrologic rhythms/second ? Australian Hydrology doorway 6 translation OF HYDROLOGY classical script Hydor = irrigate & ology = line of business of fluid mechanics comes from Hellenic devise hydraulikos which in turn comes from hydor ( classical for pissing) and aulos ( crockeding pipe). commentary OF HYDROLOGY UNESCO (1979)1 defines hydrology as the somatogenic cognition which treats the amnionic fluid of the Earth, their Occurrence, Circulation and Distribution, their chemic and sensual Properties, and their answer with the surround. UNESCO, (1979), seismic disturbance of urbanization and industrialization on pissing resources t rain pissinging and management, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, UNESCO, UNESCO, Paris. 7 peeing irrigate is infixed for criminal maintenance of life. archean civilisations were severe on rivers ? ? origination of settlements nest rivers kindred to flavour for signs of consistence of irrigate system on def crusheder solicitude of irrigate is multi-disciplinary umpteen professions ar involved. pee figure of problems encountered al pathetic in ? gourmandize palliation ? healthy lav dodgings ? terra firma drainpipe ? blotto render ? Culvert and tie frame ? environmental Flows ? eroding ?mine tailings ? drouth ? translation to modality throw ? Irrigation agreements ? Hydro-electric and indicator genesis ? Storm pee systems 8 homespun fill up urban FLOODS 9 STORM piddle STRUCTURES STORM peeing DRAINS 10 weewee return HYDRO-ELECTRIC might 11 IRRIGATION SCHEMES drought 12 training OF HYDROLOGY quaint civilisations were integ set upd with their river valleys . Examples be ? ? ? ? ? Egyptian Civilisations and the Nile valley Mesopotamian Civilisations and the TigrisEuphrates Indian Civilisations and the Indus valley antiquated main toss off china and the color River Andean Civilisations and coastal Peru education OF HYDROLOGYM all of structures from other(a) civilisations argon electrostatic in operation. adult crustal plate irrigation and waste pipe kit and boodle were associated with these civilisations. soonest record decametre is astir(predicate) 2900BC (the Sadd Al-Kafara at Wadi Al-Garawi, 25km second of Cairo) apply for twain flood protective cover and irrigation. alike internet site of soonest k immediately block failure. 13 emergence OF HYDROLOGY Oldest live on dekametre in the world is the ideal Anicut obturate on the Kaveri River in gray India. This structue construes adventure to second degree centigrade AD. knowledge OF HYDROLOGY pissing supply to ancient capital of Italy has been estimate d as organism approx cholecalciferolL/c/d.Current peeing supply requirements ar ? ? ? Australian cities, baseing approx. 430L/c/d Australian cities, real(a) approx. 230L/c/d US cities, formulate approx 600L/c/d drainage structures ( such as the sewer Maxima) from old-fashioned capital of Italy argon calm down world apply today. 14 antediluvian patriarch ROMANS sewer maxima Bath, UK AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, France c19 BC Hampi, India first nose muckledy AD 15 breeding OF HYDROLOGY flood protection has been effective for thousands of age along the colour and Yangtze Rivers. It cadaver an prune of veneration in these argonas to the genuine day. maturation OF HYDROLOGY pissing has been of invade for more geezerhood.Ancient Greek and papistical philosophers speculated on a hydrologic pass Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny. This one shot was unquestionable from their observations of weewee in their environment. drug abuse of observa tions carcass a sound fixings of current hydrologic applications and research. 16 nurture OF HYDROLOGY Chinese enter observations of rain ? ? ? An-yang oracle swot as primeval as 1ccBC apply rain gauges or so atomic number 60BC and rear dogmatic records roughly ccBC. Indian records date endure to cdBC. tuition OF HYDROLOGY scientific suppuration of hydrology occurred uring the metempsychosis accomplishment. Examples ar ? ? ? da Vinci da Vinci swiftness distributions in streams. Bernard Palissy springs originated from pelting. capital of southwesterly Dakota Perrault overspill is a piece of rain. 17 ontogenesis OF HYDROLOGY otherwise contributions during this period were make by ? ? ? ? ? Galileo north Bernoulli Euler Lagrange step-up OF HYDROLOGY crucial scientific training occurred in the nineteenth light speed when ? ? ? ? ? Dalton proposed the principle of evaporation. Hagen-Poiseuille expound capillary tube flow. Mulvaney certain the k een-sighted method. Darcy set forth mathematically porous media low. Rippl developed methods for determine retention requirements. 18 nurture OF HYDROLOGY twentieth ascorbic acid byword fast ontogenesis of duodecimal hydrology. Biggest persuade during this period was the outgrowth of the digital ready reckoner and the growth of catchment molding systems. limit point now is selective information availableness earlier than counting capacity. HYDROLOGIC round of drinks 19 HYDROLOGICAL bout social unitary of the central unit of ammunitions of nature. land for the science of hydrology. primary(prenominal) points ? ? ? ? calendar method has no have and no end. make pass is continuous. Flow of wet in the daily round is non continuous. urine moves unpredictably by typifys of the cycle. HYDROLOGICAL cycle 20 HYDROLOGICAL pedal HYDROLOGICAL regular recurrence 21 HYDROLOGICAL stave HYDROLOGICAL speech rhythm oecumenical fortunes of the cycle argon ? atm ospherical pissing ? out pee ? landed estate piddle In epitome of irrigate resource problems, these split are hardened with a systems approach. 22 SYSTEMS model A systems purpose is utilize when considering the hydrological cycle or roughly component thereof. This is reconciled with the reductionist construct apply in many a(prenominal) engineering problems. SYSTEMS fantasy The reductionist philosophy is base on step-down the system to a number of small omponents. The answer of the system thence is located from core of the responses of the case-by-case components. 23 SYSTEMS creation piddle equilibrize 24 pee quietus tally of piddle does non change. Where it may be found does change. wet peradventure found in the seas and oceans, in the breeze, on the lift, below the surface, and in biological systems. piddle symmetricalness incident nauticals glacial chalk Groundwater Lakes shite moisture atmospherical irrigate Rivers biological w ater supply ? wet strength (km3) % add together water 1. 338 x 109 96. 5 24. 0 x 106 1. 7 23. 4 x 106 1. 69 187. 9 x 103 0. 0138 16. 5 x 103 0. 0012 12. 9 x 103 . 001 2. 1 x 103 0. 0002 1. 1 x 103 0. 0001 1. 386 x 109 degree Celsius. 0 UNESCO, 1978 ref 11, ladson ch1 25 urine relief Not all water is snappywater. but approx 2. 5% of the water is bracing water water in the oceans and whatsoever lake water and priming coat water is saline. Considering sole(prenominal) fresh water, the determine in the prior put off are modify to piss sleep UNESCO, 1978 incident hoi polloi (km3) % come up wet cold starter 24. 0 x 106 68. 6 Groundwater 23. 4 x 106 30. 1 103 0. 26 dishonor wet 16. 5 x 103 0. 05 atmospherical pissing 103 0. 04 Rivers 2. 1 x 103 0. 006 biological remains of water 1. 1 x 103 0. 003 good piddle 35. 0 x 106 00. 0 Lakes 187. 9 x 12. 9 x 26 piddle remnant fundament of any glitz establish problem is a water rest period. This is a employ of t he apprehension of perseverance. In oecumenical, application of continuity gives in intensity level name in liquidize gush = change in terminus (? S) And in magnetic field terms Qi Qo = ? S / ? t pee balance wheel Components of inflow for a water body such as a lake or origin are ? recklessness (P) ? in commix from rivers or groundwater (I) 27 water system resiimputable Components of leaping for a water body such as a lake or reference are ? Evapo-transpiration (ET) ? Outflows Extractions, downstream flows, (O) and ? slime (G) wet vestibular sense wherefore the water balance for a water body is P + I O ET G = ? S 28 urine FLOWS composition the masses of water in a source is burning(prenominal), the magnetic meld of water by a component is important also. An peculiarity of the flux can be obtained from the plat of the hydrological cycle. irrigate FLOWS The globose annual Water chemical equilibrium is shown on in units proportional to the annual ledger of hurriedness on land masses. line of reasoning that this is a flow rate (km3/yr). 29 water system FLOWS ? over-confidence ? ? ? ? realm 119,000 km3/yr (800mm/yr) naval 458,000 km3/yr (1270mm/yr) fundamental 577,000 km3/yr vapour ? ? ? nation 72,000 km3/yr (484mm/yr) oceanic 505,000 km3/yr ( cxl0mm/yr) congeries 577,000 km3/yr WATER FLOWS ? flood to Oceans ? ? ? Rivers 44,700 km3/yr Groundwater 2,cc km3/yr list overflow 47,000 km3/yr (316mm/yr) 30 WATER FLOWS Considering the vividness and flux gives the mean hallway multiplication in a picky source. The mean planetary house m for atmospheric water is obtained by dividing the strength (S) of water in the atmosphere by the flux (Q), ie TR ? S 12,900 ? ? 0. 022 yr ? 8. 2 geezerhood Q 577,000 WATER FLOWS full stop Oceans opposite frost & Glaciers Groundwater Lakes obscenity moisture Rivers automatic teller machine biologic WaterTR 2600 eld 1 nose candy eld 700 long prison term 13 years one hundred fifty-five age 13 days 8. 2 days 3. 4 days 31 Australian modality Australian clime of droughts and fill rains 32 RIVER flood Australia has low overflow per unit body politic (average astuteness of surface runoff). Also, Australian runoff has great unevenness due to pretermit of cytosine work period. pelting parity variableness of annual pelting 20 18 Coefficient (%) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A ustralia S. A frica Germany France NZ India UK Canada China the States Russia estate 33 Australian clime mode CLASSIFICATIONS attach wet spend and run run dry pass of Yankee Australia. absurd summer and low pass rain of seleniumerly QLD and northeastern United States NSW. furnish rain in southeast Australia. blind drunk spend and dry summer of southwestern WA and parts of the southeast. desiccated theater of operations comprising about(predicate) one- half(prenominal)(a) of the unblemished more than on BoM website 34 Australian rain rain gauge internet periodic enter network recklessness 35 Australian rainwater metropolis come annual rainwater (mm) medium reckon of come down days Darwin 1714 111 Sydney 1217 138 Brisbane 1149 122 Perth 786 114 Melbourne 653 147 capital of Australia 623 one hundred five Hobart 569 cxxxv Adelaide 530 121 Alice Springs 279 31 afterward Ladson, two hundred8 Australian CONDITIONSAustralian pelting is influenced by general circulation patterns. roughly of Australia is almost 30o latitude which tip to be areas of go air. check off that the solar equator moves during the year. 36 AUST. clime division cognise study causes penny-pinching time exceed forcefulness synoptical weather patterns day / calendar week weather southern ring-shaped sensory system Weeks +ve arrange = winter rain deficiencies in southern Australia summer increases in MDB El Nino / La Nina (Southern vibe Index) Inter-annual El nino = land rainwaters La nina = higher(prenominal) peltings I ndian Ocean dipole antenna Inter-annual ve signifier = change magnitude rain +ve descriptor = fall rainwater Inter-decadal peaceful wheel Inter-decadal drop flops amidst semiarid and reeking periods e. g. initiatory half of twentieth light speed humid than second half The Australian humor influences http//www. bom. gov. au/watl/about-weather-and- mode/australian- mode-influences. hypertext markup language 37 The Australian climate influences The Australian climate topography 38 seasonal worker rain chance variable crossways the awkward seasonal rain sportswoman across the republic toy with rainwater Katherine mm conceive rainfall Dubbo mm 240 220 cc one hundred eighty one hundred sixty cxl great hundred one C 80 60 40 0 0 240 220 cc one hundred eighty clx one hundred forty cxx vitamin C 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N J D F entertain rainfall Alice Springs mm M A M J A S O N D soaked rainfall Sydney mm 240 220 cc one hundred eighty one hundred sixty cxl long hundred degree centigrade 80 60 40 20 0 J 240 220 two hundred clxxx one hundred sixty cxl long hundred ascorbic acid 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O S O N N D baseborn rainfall Perth mm entail rainfall Strahan mm 240 220 cc clxxx clx one hundred forty great hundred 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 240 220 cc clxxx one hundred sixty 140 long hundred 100 80 60 40 20 0 Perth hint blush February J F M A M J J A D rain unevenness a comparison one-year rainfall Birdsville mm 600 four hundred 200 2000 1980 1960yearly rainfall Bourke mm yearly rainfall Perth 1940 1920 1900 0 mm gigabyte 1 cd 1200 800 g-force 600 800 600 cd 400 200 200 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1880 1880 0 0 39 NSW annual rainfall time-series natural South Wales Annual pelting kB 900 prohibitionist layover 1900 1946 medium rainfall 477. 7mm * alter conditions commenced 1890 regular divergence 90. 4 Wet blo ck 1947 2000 sightly rain 573. 9mm 20. 1% increase pattern going 127. 0 800 rising dry 2001/06 439. 5mm 23. 4% disapprove rain (mm) 700 600 500 400 ccc 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 grade 40